In 1803, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. This landmark case played a crucial role in defining the separation of powers within the federal government.

In 1819, McCulloch v. Maryland confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws and established the necessary and proper clause. This decision had a lasting impact on the balance of power between the federal government and individual states.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine, marking a historic step towards desegregation in public schools. The case played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement and the pursuit of equality.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel for criminal defendants, ensuring that even those who couldn't afford an attorney would receive a fair trial. This decision significantly impacted the criminal justice system in the United States.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) protected students' rights to free speech in public schools. The case set a precedent for student expression and clarified the limitations that schools could place on individual rights.

United States v. Lopez (1995) limited the scope of the Commerce Clause, asserting that the federal government's authority is not unlimited. The decision clarified the boundaries of federal power in regulating activities within the states.

Baker v. Carr (1962) established the principle of 'one person, one vote' in the apportionment of legislative districts. The case aimed to address the issue of malapportionment and ensure equal representation for all citizens.

Engel v. Vitale (1962) struck down prayer in public schools, ruling it unconstitutional under the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The decision reinforced the separation of church and state in public education.

New York Times v. US (1971) upheld the freedom of the press, preventing prior restraint on the publication of classified documents. The case affirmed the importance of a free and independent press in a democratic society.

Schenck v. US (1919) established the 'clear and present danger' test, limiting free speech during wartime when it poses a threat to national security. The case set a precedent for balancing free speech rights with the need for national security.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010) applied the Second Amendment to the states, affirming an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense. The decision had significant implications for gun rights and regulations at the state level.

Shaw v. Reno (1993) addressed racial gerrymandering, ruling that race cannot be the primary factor in the drawing of electoral district lines. The case aimed to prevent the manipulation of electoral boundaries based on race.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) protected the right to freedom of religion, allowing Amish parents to withdraw their children from public school for religious reasons. The decision recognized the importance of accommodating religious practices within the legal framework.